Australia, country and continent located in the Southern Hemisphere, known for its unique wildlife, diverse ecosystems, and vibrant culture. It became a federated state on January 1, 1901, when the six British colonies on the continent united to form the Commonwealth of Australia. The name “Australia” comes from the Latin *australis*, meaning "southern," reflecting its position in the southern part of the world. Originally inhabited by Indigenous peoples for tens of thousands of years, Australia was first explored by Europeans in the 17th century and became a British colony in 1788. It gained full legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1986. Australia is a global leader in science, sports, and environmental conservation, with stunning landscapes ranging from deserts to rainforests. The capital is Canberra.